Assignment Chapter 6

Lecturer : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc

Name : Agatha Virgitia Darmawan

Student ID : 1701338122

1. What Are the Four Types of Output?

Output is data that has been processed into a useful form. That is, computers process data (input) into information (output). The form of output varies, depending on the hardware and software being used and the requirements of the user.
Very often, a single form of output, such as a Web page, includes more than one of these types of output :
 • Text — Examples of output that primarily contain text are memos, letters, press releases, reports, classified advertisements, envelopes, mailing labels, and text messages. On the Web, users view and print many other types of text- based output. These include blogs, news and magazine articles, books, television show transcripts, stock quotes, speeches, and lectures.
• Graphics — Many forms of output include graphics to enhance visual appeal and convey information. Business letters have logos. Reports include charts. Newsletters use drawings, clip art, and photos. Users print high-quality photos taken with a digital camera. Many Web sites use animated graphics, such as blinking icons, scrolling messages, or simulations.
• Audio — Users download their favorite songs from iTunes and listen to the music while working on the computer. Software such as games, encyclopedias, and simulations often have musical accompaniments for entertainment and audio clips, such as narrations and speeches, to enhance understanding. On the Web, users tune into radio and television stations and listen to audio clips, podcasts, or live broadcasts of interviews, talk shows, sporting events, news, music, and concerts. They also use the Internet to conduct real- time conversations with friends, coworkers, or family members, just as if they were speaking on the telephone.
• Video — As with audio, software and Web sites often include video clips to enhance understanding. Vodcasts and video blogs, for example, add a video component to the traditional podcast and blog. Users watch a live or prerecorded news report, view a replay while attending a live sporting event, observe weather conditions, or enjoy a live performance of their favorite musician or musical group on a computer or mobile device. Instead of renting a movie, users can download movie content from a Web site for a fee and then watch the entire movie on a computer or mobile device. Attaching a video camera to the computer allows users to watch home movies on the computer. They also can attach a television’s antenna or cable to the computer and watch a television program on the computer screen.
An output device is any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people. Commonly used output devices include display devices; printers; speakers, headphones, and earbuds; data projectors; interactive whiteboards; and force-feedback game controllers and tactile output.

2. What Are the Characteristics of Various Display Devices?

A display device, or simply display, is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information and consists of a screen and the components that produce the information on the screen. Information on a display device, sometimes called soft copy, exists electronically and appears for a temporary period.
Desktop computers typically use a monitor as their display device; most mobile computers and devices integrate the display into the same physical case. LCD monitors, LCD screens, and plasma monitors are types of fl at-panel displays. A flat-panel display is a lightweight display device with a shallow depth that typically uses LCD or gas plasma technology. An LCD monitor is a desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display to produce images. A plasma monitor is a display device that uses gas plasma technology, which substitutes a layer of gas for the liquid crystal material in an LCD monitor. A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube (CRT). CRT monitors take up more desk space and thus are not used much today.

3. What Factors Affect the Quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen?

The quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen depends primarily on its resolution, response time, brightness, dot pitch, and contrast ratio.
 • Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. For example, a monitor that has a 1440 3 900 resolution displays up to 1440 pixels per horizontal row and 900 pixels per vertical row, for a total of 1,296,000 pixels to create a screen image. Recall that a pixel (short for picture element) is a single point in an electronic image. A higher resolution uses a greater number of pixels and thus provides a smoother, sharper, and clearer image. As you increase the resolution, however, some items on the screen appear smaller. With LCD monitors and screens, resolution generally is proportional to the size of the device.
 • Response time of an LCD monitor or screen is the time in milliseconds (ms) that it takes to turn a pixel on or off. LCD monitors’ and screens’ response times range from 3 to 16 ms. The lower the number, the faster the response time.
• Brightness of an LCD monitor or LCD screen is measured in nits. A nit is a unit of visible light intensity equal to one candela (formerly called candlepower) per square meter. The candela is the standard unit of luminous intensity. LCD monitors and screens today range from 250 to 550 nits. The higher the nits, the brighter the images.
• Dot pitch, sometimes called pixel pitch, is the distance in millimeters between pixels on a display device. Text created with a smaller dot pitch is easier to read. Advertisements normally specify a monitor’s dot pitch or pixel pitch. Average dot pitch on LCD monitors and screens should be 30 mm or lower. The lower the number, the sharper the image.
• Contrast ratio describes the difference in light intensity between the brightest white and darkest black that can be displayed on an LCD monitor. Contrast ratios today range from 500:1 to 2000:1. Higher contrast ratios represent colors better.

 4. What Are the Various Ways to Print?

A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. Printed information, called hard copy, exists physically and is a more permanent form of output than that presented on a display device (soft copy). A hard copy, also called a printout, is either in portrait or landscape orientation.
 Users can print by connecting a computer to a printer with a cable that plugs in a port on the computer. Bluetooth printing uses radio waves to transmit output to a printer. With infrared printing, a computer or other device communicates with the printer via infrared light waves. Some digital cameras connect directly to a printer via a cable; others store images on memory cards that can be removed and inserted in the printer. Networked computers can communicate with the network printer via cables or wirelessly.

 5. How Is a Nonimpact Printer Different from an Impact Printer? 

A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper. Some spray ink, while others use heat or pressure to create images. Commonly used nonimpact printers are ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, thermal printers, mobile printers, label and postage printers, plotters, and large-format printers.  A printout in portrait orientation is taller than it is wide, with information printed across the shorter width of the paper. A printout in landscape orientation is wider than it is tall, with information printed across the widest part of the paper. Letters, reports, and books typically use portrait orientation. Spreadsheets, slide shows, and graphics often use landscape orientation.
An impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. Impact printers characteristically are noisy because of this striking activity. These printers commonly produce near letter quality (NLQ) output, which is print quality slightly less clear than what is acceptable for business letters. Companies may use impact printers for routine jobs such as printing labels. Impact printers are ideal for printing multipart forms because they easily print through many layers of paper. Factories, warehouses, and retail counters may use impact printers because these printers withstand dusty environments, vibrations, and extreme temperatures. Two commonly used types of impact printers are dot-matrix printers and line printers.

6. What Are Ink-Jet Printers, Photo Printers, Laser Printers, Multifunction Peripherals, Thermal Printers, Mobile Printers, Label and Postage Printers, and Plotters and Large-Format Printers? 

An ink-jet printer is a type of nonimpact printer that forms  characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. One factor that influences the quality of an ink-jet printer is its resolution. Printer resolution is measured by the number of dots per inch (dpi) a printer can print. A photo printer is a color printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures. A laser printer is a high- speed, high-quality nonimpact printer that operates in a manner similar to a copy machine, creating images using a laser beam and powdered ink, called toner. Laser printers usually print at faster speeds than ink- jet printers. A multifunction peripheral (MFP), or  all-in-one device, is a single device that looks like a printer or a copy machine but provides the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine. Some MFPs use color ink-jet printer technology; others include a black-and-white or color laser printer. The primary disadvantage of these devices is that if the device breaks down, you lose all four functions. A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. They are inexpensive, but the print quality is low and the images tend to fade over time. A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook computer or other mobile device. A label printer is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items. Most label printers also print bar codes. A postage printer is a special type of label printer that has a built-in scale and prints postage stamps. Plotters are sophisticated printers used to produce high-quality drawings, such as blueprints, maps, and circuit diagrams. A large-format printer uses ink-jet technology on a large scale to create photo-realistic- quality color prints.

7. What Are the Uses and Characteristics of Speakers, Headphones, and Earbuds? 

An audio output device is a component of a computer that produces music, speech, or other sounds, such as beeps. Three commonly used audio output devices are speakers, headphones, and earbuds. Most personal computers and mobile devices have a small internal speaker that usually emits only low-quality sound. Thus, many users attach surround sound speakers or speaker systems to their computers, including game consoles and mobile devices, to generate higher-quality sounds for playing games, interacting with multimedia presentations, listening to music, and viewing movies. Most surround sound computer speaker systems include one or two center speakers and two or more satellite speakers that are positioned so that sound emits from all directions. Speakers typically have tone and volume controls, allowing users to adjust settings. To boost the low bass sounds, surround sound speaker systems also include a subwoofer. When using speakers, anyone in listening distance can hear the output.
With headphones or earbuds, only the individual wearing the headphones or earbuds hears the sound from the computer. The difference is that headphones cover or are placed outside of the ear, whereas earbuds, or earphones, rest inside the ear canal. Both headphones and earbuds usually include noise-cancelling technology to reduce the interference of sounds from the surrounding environment.
The difference is that headphones cover or are placed outside of the ear, whereas earbuds, or earphones, rest inside the ear canal. A headset is a device that functions as both headphones and a microphone, so that users’ hands are free for typing or other activities while listening to audio output.

8. What Are the Purposes and Features of Data Projectors, Interactive Whiteboards, and Force-Feedback Game Controllers and Mobile Devices?

A data projector is a device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer screen and projects them on a larger screen so that an audience can see the image clearly. Some data projectors are large devices that attach to a ceiling or wall in an auditorium. Some operating systems allow projectors to be mobile user, are small portable devices that can be transported easily. Two types of smaller, lower-cost units are LCD projectors and DLP projectors. An LCD projector, which uses liquid crystal display technology, attaches directly to a computer, and uses its own light source to display the information shown on the computer screen. A digital light processing (DLP) projector uses tiny mirrors to reflect light, which produces crisp, bright, colorful images that remain in focus and can be seen clearly even in a well- lit room.
An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, that dis- plays the image on a connected computer screen. A presenter controls the computer program by clicking a remote control, touch- ing the whiteboard, drawing on or erasing the whiteboard with a special digital pen and eraser, or writing on a special tablet.
Joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing game controllers are input devices used to control movement and actions of a player or object in computer games, simulations, and video games. Today’s joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing game controllers also include force feedback, which is a technology that sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user.
Some input devices, such as a mouse, and mobile devices, such as a smart phone, include tactile output that provides the user with a physical response from the device.

9. What Output Options Are Available for Physically Challenged Users? 

For users with mobility, hearing, or vision disabilities, many different types of output devices are available. Hearing-impaired users, for example, can instruct programs to display words instead of sounds. With the latest Windows operating systems, users also can set options to make programs easier to use. The Magnifier, for example, enlarges text and other items in a window on the screen.
Visually impaired users can change Windows settings, such as increasing the size or changing the color of the text to make the words easier to read. Instead of using a monitor, blind users can work with voice output via Windows Narrator. That is, the computer reads the information that is displayed on the screen. Another alternative is a Braille printer, which prints information on paper in Braille.