Lecturer : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc
Name : Agatha Virgitia Darmawan
Student ID : 1701338122
1.
How Are Machine Languages Different from
Assembly Languages?
A programming language is a set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that
enables a programmer, often called a developer, to communicate instructions to
a computer. A machine language uses a series of binary digits, or combinations
of numbers and letters that represent binary digits, and is the only language a
computer directly recognizes. With an assembly language, a programmer writes
instructions using symbolic instruction codes, which are meaningful
abbreviations.
2.
What Is the Purpose of Procedural Programming
Languages, and What Are the Features of C and
COBOL?
In a
procedural language, or third- generation language (3GL), a programmer writes
instructions that tell a computer what to accomplish and how to do it.
Programmers use English-like words to write instructions, which simplifies the
program development process for the programmer. A compiler or an interpreter
translates the 3GL source program into machine language object code or object
program that a computer can execute. Standard procedural languages include C
and COBOL. C is a powerful language that requires professional programming
skills and is used for business and scientific problems. It runs on almost any
type of computer or operating system. COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
is a programming language designed for business applications that uses
English-like statements that are easy to read, write, and maintain.
3.
What Are the Characteristics of Object-Oriented
Programming Languages and Program Development Tools?
Programmers use an object-oriented
programming (OOP) language or object-oriented program development tool to
implement object-oriented design. A program that provides a user-friendly
environment for building programs often is called a program development tool.
An object is an item that can contain both data and the procedures that read or
manipulate the data. A major benefit of OOP is the ability to reuse and modify
existing objects, allowing programmers to create applications faster. Often
used in conjunction with OOP, RAD (rapid application development) is a method
of developing software in which a programmer writes and implements a program in
segments instead of waiting until the entire program is completed. OOP
languages include Java, C11, and C#. Java uses a just-in-time (J IT) compiler
to convert bytecode into machine-dependent code that is executed immediately.
The Microsoft .NET framework, or .NET, allows almost any type of program to run
on the Internet or an internal business network, as well as stand-alone
computers and mobile devices. C11 is an object-oriented extension of the C
programming language. C# is based on C11 and has been accepted as a standard
for Web applications and XML- based Web services. F# is a new programming language
that combines the benefits of an object-oriented language with the benefits of
a functional language. Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of program
development tools that assists programmers in building programs for Windows,
Windows Mobile, or operating systems that support .NET. Visual Studio includes
the programming languages Visual Basic, Visual C11, and Visual C#. A visual programming
language uses a visual or graphical interface, called a visual programming
environment (VPE), for creating all
source code. Two other program development tools include Delphi and
PowerBuilder.
4.
What Are the Uses of Other Programming Languages
and Other Program Development Tools?
A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users to access data in a database. A popular
4GL is SQL, a query language for relational data-bases. An application
generator creates source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality. A macro, which is a series of statements that instructs
an application how to complete a task, allows users to automate routine,
repetitive tasks.
5.
What Are Web Page Program Development Techniques
Such as HTML and XHTML, XML and WML, Scripting Languages, DHTML, Ruby on Rails,
Web 2.0 Development, and Web Page Authoring Software?
Web developers use a variety of techniques
to create Web pages. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a special formatting
language that programmers use to format documents for display on the Web. XHTML (extensible HTML) is a markup language
that includes features of HTML and XML. XML and WML are popular formats used by
Web developers. A scripting language is an interpreted language that programmers
use to add dynamic content and interactive elements to Web pages. Popular scripting
languages include JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Rexx, Tcl, and VBScript. Dynamic HTML
(DHTML) is a type of HTML that allows developers to include more graphical
interest and interactivity in a Web page. Ruby on Rails (RoR or Rails) is an
open source framework that provides technologies for developing
object-oriented, database- driven Web sites. Web 2.0 Web sites often use RSS
2.0 and Ajax. Developers use Web page authoring software to create
sophisticated Web pages. Four popular Web page authoring programs are
Dreamweaver, Expression Web, Flash, and SharePoint Designer.
6.
How Are Popular Multimedia Authoring Programs
Used?
Multimedia authoring software allows programmers
to combine text, graphics, animation, audio, and video in an interactive presentation.
Many programmers use multimedia authoring software for computer- based training
(CBT) and Web-based training (WBT).
Popular Web page authoring programs typically
share similar features and are capable of creating similar applications.
Popular programs include ToolBook and Director.
• ToolBook, from SumTotal Systems, has a
graphical user interface and uses an object- oriented approach, so that
programmers can design multimedia applications using basic objects. These
objects include buttons, fields, graphics, backgrounds, and pages. In ToolBook, programmers can convert a
multimedia application into HTML or XHTML, so that it can be distributed over
the Internet. Many businesses and colleges use ToolBook to create content for
distance learning courses.
• Director, from Adobe Systems, is a popular
multimedia authoring program with powerful features that allow programmers to
create highly interactive multimedia applications. Director’s powerful features make it well
suited for developing electronic presentations, optical discs for education and
entertainment, simulations, programs for kiosks, and Web applications. Web applications
can include streaming audio and video, interactivity, and multiuser
functionality. Users view Web applications developed in Director on the Web
using the Shockwave plug-in.
7.
What Are the Six Steps in the Program Development
Life Cycle?
The
program development life cycle (PDLC) is a series of steps programmers use to
build computer programs. The program development life cycle consists of six
steps: (1) analyze requirements, (2) design solution, (3) validate design, (4)
implement design, (5) test solution, and (6) document solution.
8.
How Is Structured Design Different from
Object-Oriented Design?
In structured design, a programmer
typically begins with a general design and moves toward a more detailed design.
A programmer starts with the program’s major function, called the main routine
or main module, and breaks it down into smaller sections, called subroutines or
modules. Structured design results in programs that are reliable and easy to
read and maintain, but it does not provide a way to keep the data and the
program together and can result in redundant programming code. With
object-oriented (OO) design, the programmer packages the data and the program
(or procedure) into a single unit, an object. Objects are grouped into classes.
A detailed class diagram represents each object, its attributes (data), and its
methods (procedures). The programmer translates the methods into program
instructions.
9.
What Are the Basic Control Structures and Design
Tools Used in Designing Solutions to Programming Problems?
A control structure, also known as a
construct, depicts the logical order of program instructions. A sequence
control structure shows one or more actions following each other in order. A
selection control structure tells the program which action to take, based on a
certain condition. Two types of selection control structures are the
if-then-else control structure, which yields one of two possibilities (true or
false), and the case control structure, which can yield one of three or more
possibilities. The repetition control structure enables a program to perform
one or more actions repeatedly as long as a certain condition is met. The two
forms of the repetition control structure are: the do-while control structure,
which tests a condition at the beginning of the loop, in a process called a
pretest, and continues looping as long as a condition is true; and the do-until
control structure, which tests a condition at the end of the loop, in a process
called a posttest, and continues looping until the condition is true. Some design
tools include a program flowchart, or simply
flowchart; pseudocode; and the UML (Unified Modeling Language).
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